Symbolism in the Play Everyman Essay -- Papers

Symbolism in the Play Everyman The play Everyman dates back to medieval times and has impact many raft end-to-end the centuries. Many life lessons are looked at throughout the play through symbolism, which helps the reader understand lifes lessons easier. Everyman, an allegory, had symbolism scattered throughout the entire story, which helped to better show lessons learned through life. In Everyman, symbolism is present in many lawsuits, including Good-Deeds, Confession, and Death. In the play Everyman, Good-Deeds is exemplary through his character name, costume, and actions. Good-Deeds shows symbolism through his many charitable acts. Good-Deeds wishes to go along with Everyman on his journey before death, but he has been too weak. With macrocosm to weak Good-Deeds sister, Knowledge, decides to go along. This shows symbolism through his charitable acts. Good-Deeds costume symbolizes happiness by far and peace and perhaps was the color yellow. Good- Deeds actions during the play are as well as symbolic. Good-Deeds helps Ev... Symbolism in the Play Everyman Essay -- PapersSymbolism in the Play Everyman The play Everyman dates back to medieval times and has affected many people throughout the centuries. Many life lessons are looked at throughout the play through symbolism, which helps the reader understand lifes lessons easier. Everyman, an allegory, had symbolism scattered throughout the entire story, which helped to better show lessons learned through life. In Everyman, symbolism is present in many characters, including Good-Deeds, Confession, and Death. In the play Everyman, Good-Deeds is symbolic through his character name, costume, and actions. Good-Deeds shows symbolism through his many charitable acts. Good-Deeds wishes to go along with Everyman on his journey before death, but he has been too weak. With being to weak Good-Deeds sister, Knowledge, decides to go along. This shows s ymbolism through his charitable acts. Good-Deeds costume symbolizes happiness by far and peace and perhaps was the color yellow. Good-Deeds actions during the play are also symbolic. Good-Deeds helps Ev...

Ebonics is Not a Seperate Language but Improper Form of English Essay

The United States is filled with many different ethnicities, cultures, customs, wordings, etc. Supposedly, our public schools are equipped with classes, teachers, curriculums and materials in order to educate that part of the student population whose first language is something other than the English language. Bilingual classes, transitional classes, ESL classes are just a a couple of(prenominal) of the programs that have been developed to instruct non-English speaking students in order for them to acquire the English language. However, there has been a language use among African American students language that has not been examined closely nor acknowledged until recently. Ebonics is classified as Black English or Black sounds, or Pan African Communication Behavior or African Language agreements which originates from the atomic number 74 African languages such as Ibo, Yoruba, and Hausa (Amended Resolution of the Board of Education, 1997. P. 1). During the times of slavery, ebonics was also spoken as Gullah, which is a combination of West African languages, and English. Ebonics is a term coined by psychologist Robert Williams, resulting from the combination of two words, ebony and phonics in order to describe its dialect (The Daily OCollegian Editorial Board. 1997. P. 1). The controversy behind(predicate) ebonics is whether or not it is actually a language or and should it be instructed as a foreign language. Language is defined as a system of words formed from such combinations and patterns, used by the people of a particular country or by a group of people with a shared history or set of traditions (Microsoft Bookshelf. 1996-1997 edition). Ebonics is a form of communication of feelings, thoughts, opinions and ideas at is being used by ou... ...ensnewspapers.com/199//08109//0810.ebonics.htlmMiloy, Courtland. 1997. Nothing Funny About Ebonics. meshing Address http//www.engnsnurst.org/ebonpro.htlmOubr, Alondra. 1997. Internet Address http //www.aaw.com/toc.htlmSanchez, Rene. Ebonics A Way to Close the Learning Gap? Schools Have Been Experimenting for Years with Using Black English as a Bridge to Better Skills. New York Tines January 6, 1997.Wasserman, Tracey. 1997. Language Shortcuts Do Not Benefit Students. Internet Address http//www.magn-ground.com/news/school-papers/laduepanorama.htlmWoodall, Bert. 1997. Training for Failure. Internet Addresshttp//www.puoncbews.com/issues/759/editorial.comZeis, Robert. 1997. Ebonics is a silly image they aint got no sense Its jive.http//www.dany.fastate.edu/voulumes/Spring9//Jan-23//op2.htlm

Mythical American Dream Challenged in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesm

Mythical the Statesn Dream Challenged in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman challenges the American dream. Before the Depression, an optimistic America offered the alluring promise of success and riches. Willy Loman suffers from his disenchantment with the American dream, for it fails him and his son. In some ways, Willy and pommel seem trapped in a transitional period of American history. Willy, now sixty-three, carried out a large part of his career during the Depression and World War II. The promise of success that entranced him in the optimistic 1920s was wiped out(p) by the harsh economic realities of the 1930s. The unprecedented prosperity of the 1950s remained far in the future. Willy Loman represents a uniquely American figure the traveling salesman. Every week, he takes a journey to stake his bid for success. It would be difficult to miss the survival of the American frontier mentality in the figure of the traveling salesman. The idea o f the American dream was heavily influenced by the rush for gold and land in the nineteenth-century American West. It is no coincidence that in the 1950s, the decade most preoccupied with the mythologic American dream, America experienced an unprecedented love affair with Westerns.Willy and Linda try to build their own version of the American dream with their family. In high school, Biff was the all-American boy as the captain of the football team. True to the myth of the all-American boy, girls and admiring friends surrounded him. Willy and Lindas lives are full of monthly payments on possessions that symbolize that dream a car, a home, and household appliances. The proliferation of monthly payments allowed families with modest incomes to h... ...une promised by the American dream. He cannot admit doubt or insecurity because a good salesman always remains confident, and the American dream promises success to the confident, eager individual. Death of a Salesman addresses Willys str uggle to maintain his identity in the face of narrowing hopes that he or his sons will invariably fulfill his dreams. Works Cited Baym, Franklin, Gottesman, Holland, et al., eds. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 4th ed. unfermented York Norton, 1994. Corrigan, Robert W., ed. Arthur Miller. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1969. Florio, Thomas A., ed. Millers Tales. The New Yorker. 70 (1994) 35-36. Miller, Arthur. The Archbishops Ceiling/The American Clock. New York Grove Press, 1989. ---. Death of a Salesman. New York Viking, 1965. ---. Eight Plays. New York Nelson Doubleday, 1981.

Primitivism - A Tribal Religion :: Religion

roughness - A Tribal ReligionWe regard them as the sons and daughters of the earth and sky, brothers and sisters of animals and plants, who populate by natures ways and do not upset the delicate balances of their ecological zones gentle hunting folk who are still in touch with the magic and myth that we ourselves so badly need (Smith, 381). This quote from Huston Smith summarizes the Primitivism essence of its nature. Primitivism is an ancient religion, sometimes referred to as a tribal religion because groupings of its people were small in numbers. This religion continues today in parts of Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, Siberia, and Indians of North and South America. Primitivism is an ad-lib religion, very few things were written down. Most of the writing was in the form of drawings and art. Being an exclusively oral society, the orality protected the memory of its practitioners making it possible to mark countless tales and stories to pass on to the ne xt generation. The orality also enabled the capacity to sense the sacred through nonverbal channels. Tribal religions are deep-rooted in moorage as opposed to space. Space is abstract, but place is concrete. For example, a square foot in Florida is the same as a square foot in China however Florida and China are two very different places. The idea being you are the rock, you are the tree, you are the river, you are the grass, etc The analogy in The Worlds Religions of the first Onondagan to enter college is a wonderful example. Oren Lyons returned to his reservation on his first break from college and went fishing with his uncle. His uncle started to question him, Who are you? Oren answered in umteen ways, I am your nephew, I am an Onondagen, I am a human and no answer satisfied his uncle. His uncle replied to him, Do you see that bluff all over there? Oren you are that bluff. And that giant pine on the other shore? Oren, you are that pine. And this water that supports our boat? You are this water. (Smith, 371). Another essential part of Primitivism is the presence of eternal time. Tribal people look toward the future as opposed to the past. Primal time is one that is hard for most people to comprehend, because it is not linear, but is temporal, an eternal now. Its focus is more of a casual sequence rather than a chronological one.

Ben Franklin Essay -- Biography Biographies Benjamin Franklin Essays

Ben FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the most influential people in American history. Franklin was born on January 17, 1706, in a small townspeople in Boston. Benjamin was one of ten children. His father, Josiah was a candle and soap maker, and his mother Abiah Folger was a homemaker. When Benjamin was only twelve years old he signed his identures so that he could apprentice under his brother, working at a printing press. Here he worked for his brother James for over niner years. Benjamin had enormous talent, and after his apprenticeship was up, he got a job printing for the Boston Gazette. However this did not last very long, after only ten months Franklins contract was given to someone else. This prompted Ben to start his own newspaper called the New England Courant. This was the beginning of a long life of success for Ben Franklin.Franklin had outstanding authorship talent. His new business had done very well, but Franklin wanted more. Ben wanted to take over Phi ladelphias biggest newspapers, The protactinium Gazette. In the year 1729 Franklin bought this newspaper. He renamed it (Thank Heavens) The Pennsylvania Gazette. In the year 1730 Franklin had fathered a son. There were many rumors, as to whom the mother was, but Franklin never released her name. As a result of this Franklin wanted to get married. A woman named Deborah Read moved into his home, and became his common law wife. During this time Franklin had established himself as a leader in the Philadelphia community. He helped to establish Philadelphias premier public library. Franklin is also accredited with publishing the first almanac in 1732. Its name was Poor Richards Almanack.Benjamin Franlkins political career began in 1736. ... ...emark is a perfect way to describe Franklin who was a rising sun well into his eighties. Benjamin Franklin died on April 17, 1790. On April 21, the day of Franklins funeral over twenty thousand people came to say goodbye to a man th ey all looked up to and admired. Ben Franklin influenced many people during his life, and still does today. If it had not been for his intellectual, and scientific abilities our country may have been a different place than it is today.Works CitedAmacher, Richard. Benjamin Franklin. Twayne Publishers, New York. 1962Franklin, Benjamin..Woolman, John. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. P. F. Collier & Son Corporation. 1937.Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography and Other Writings. Mead & Company. New York. 1963 computing device Internet. http//sln.fi.edu/franklin/rotten.html. The World of Benjamin Franklin.

Ben Franklin Essay -- Biography Biographies Benjamin Franklin Essays

Ben Franklin gum benzoin Franklin was one of the most influential people in American history. Franklin was born on January 17, 1706, in a small town in Boston. Benjamin was one of ten children. His father, Josiah was a candle and soap maker, and his mother Abiah Folger was a homemaker. When Benjamin was only twelve years old he sign-language(a) his identures so that he could apprentice under his brother, working at a printing press. Here he worked for his brother James for over nine years. Benjamin had enormous talent, and after his apprenticeship was up, he got a job printing for the Boston Gazette. However this did not last very long, after only ten months Franklins contract was given to someone else. This prompted Ben to start his own impertinentlyspaper called the New England Courant. This was the beginning of a long life of success for Ben Franklin.Franklin had outstanding writing talent. His new business had done very well, but Franklin wanted more. Ben wanted to t ake over Philadelphias biggest newspapers, The Pennsylvania Gazette. In the year 1729 Franklin bought this newspaper. He renamed it (Thank Heavens) The Pennsylvania Gazette. In the year 1730 Franklin had fathered a son. There were many rumors, as to whom the mother was, but Franklin never released her name. As a result of this Franklin wanted to get married. A muliebrity named Deborah Read moved into his home, and became his common law wife. During this time Franklin had established himself as a leader in the Philadelphia community. He helped to establish Philadelphias first human beings library. Franklin is also accredited with publishing the first almanac in 1732. Its name was Poor Richards Almanack.Benjamin Franlkins political career began in 1736. ... ...emark is a perfect way to describe Franklin who was a rising sun well into his eighties. Benjamin Franklin died on April 17, 1790. On April 21, the day of Franklins funeral over twenty gee people came to say goo dbye to a man they all looked up to and admired. Ben Franklin influenced many people during his life, and still does today. If it had not been for his intellectual, and scientific abilities our country may take hold been a different place than it is today.Works CitedAmacher, Richard. Benjamin Franklin. Twayne Publishers, New York. 1962Franklin, Benjamin..Woolman, John. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. P. F. Collier & Son Corporation. 1937.Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography and Other Writings. Mead & Company. New York. 1963Computer Internet. http//sln.fi.edu/franklin/rotten.html. The being of Benjamin Franklin.

Companies and the Customers Who Hate Them Essay

How can customer dissatisfaction lead to higher profits for the company? Companies train found out that ill-informed customers can be beneficial for them in equipment casualty of profits. Some companies have abused their customers intentionally, however others unwittingly exploited and took advantage of them. The Slippery slope There are two major ways in which companies make profits by misleading their customers * Offering the customers a broad variety of services or products, which can be very confusing, especially when on that point is lack of transparency.Moreover, if even the information is complete for the customers, the companies can take advantages of consumers difficulties in foreseeing their needs. * Using fees and penalties for offsetting costs and discouraging undesirable customer behavior. These hostile strategies are ordinary from banking and hotel industries to video stores and car rentals. Here particularly 3 industries will be discussed in details cell phone ind ustry, retail- banking industry and health club industry. booth phone industry When a customer signs up for a service platform, he chooses a certain pricing option with different ranges of minutes.These plans can have various restrictions and allowances. However, these varied plans are not a result of customer-centric strategy. They are rather ways to take advantage of customers unawareness of which plan to choose, in the result of which customers can be penalized either for using too much time or for not using enough. However, such strategies cannot always take on profits for the company. They can increase the dissatisfaction among customers, the proof of which can be thousands of complaints that the U. S. Federal Communications Commission gets annually.These complaints should be worrisome to companies because customers can switch toward a artless and friendly alternative. Retail-banking industry Another sphere in which the company-centric strategy is used is retail-banking ind ustry. For signing up in the checking accounts people are offered dozens of alternatives. If the customers cannot precisely predict their needs, they can have losses. Here are some examples of situations when the banks take advantage over the customers ignorance * The customers receive less interest when the consumers residuals are above the minimum of the balance bucket and if the alances fall below the minimum level, they have to pay some penalties.* Banks usually debit the consumers checks in the order of size, rather than in a chronological order, for the rest of the checks to bounce and to cause multiple overdrafts, consequently penalties. The company-centric strategy of banks led to the customers dissatisfaction and it became so pervasive that New York congresswoman Carolyn Maloney reintroduced the Consumer Overdraft Protection Fair Practices Act to negative banks charging overdraft protection fees, unless the customers explicitly are informed about the service.Health club i ndustry Health clubs tempt customers to sign long-term contracts, knowing that they will seldom visit the club. They realize that all their customers will not completely use the facility and therefore sell more memberships than they have the floor space to accommodate. Moreover, an investigation conducted by the New York City Council concluded that 41% of clubs didnt explain their fees in writing, 81% didnt give potential members a contract to get hold of at home and 96% didnt inform customers of all the ways they could legally cancel a contract.In New Jersey a flowerpot of complaints have brought litigation against al roughly two dozen health clubs that provided fraudulent contracts. Health clubs require to spend more time to attract new customers because their existent ones try to find a way out. Moreover they even encourage ways to retain customers with reward points for members who work out regularly. The warning signs According to the investigate most of the executives are a cknowledging the negative effects of the functions described above but they mention that those actions do not represent an intentional strategy.The executives know that because of these negative practices the companies slid set down the slippery slope and have difficulties for purchasing on the way back up thus becoming vulnerable for the competitors. For avoiding this practice the executives should ask themselves the questions mentioned bellow. * Are our most profitable customers those who have reasons to be dissatisfied with us? * Do we have rules we want customers to break because doing so generates profits? Do we make it difficult for customers to generalise or abide by our rules, and do we actually help customers break them? * Do we depend on contracts to prevent customers from defecting? Climbing back into favor rough-and-ready CEOs are able to recognize the opportunities and eliminate the negative effects which make the company vulnerable. The company centric strategies ca n cause loss of the target marketplace and profitability in a long-term period, thus many companies prefer being economically sustainable.

Pearl Harbor: A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War II

driblet prevail A Day of Infamy By Chris metalworker World War II altered the face of the Statesn history forever. This creation a state of struggle the linked States was greatly against and never wanted to precede, They were bedevil into the war by a brutal endeavour from the Nipp geniusse on a Navel udder located in the pacific ocean on the island Oahu in what is c eithered os experience. This barrage on the base was a read flesh step up against the unify States and gave America no choice scarce to enter the war they were originally so opposed to, or were they? Did the American g all overnment know that the lacquerese were training an fervency?Did the linked States allow the lacquerese kill and trauma several(prenominal) thousand Americans and sink and damage several naval ships all for a reason to enter a war our President longed to be a part of? Those questions along with several much scram been raised by authors and thinkers throughout history. Th ese questions along with several more go away be examined in judiciousness throughout this writing. The thesis of this paper is as follows, On celestial latitude 7, 1941 The fall in States of America changed forever with japans perplexity dishonors on the U. S.Navel base in Pearl bear, Hawaii. These good times thrust the join States into the fondness of the Second World War and raised umteen questions and conspiracies pertaining to precedent knowledge of the feelers and the plans that the japanese executed. First, the anticipation of war will be discussed and the events leading to charge. Secondly, the process that the lacquerese went through will be discussed, from the year of planning to the faithful wee of their striking wring withal their already obvious aggression displayed by the invasion of China.A nonher crucial piece to this puzzle is the three-way pact subscribe by japan to farm them apart of the bloc powers. Also the Nipponese fleet and how they w ere utilized and coordinated in this attempt will play a vital part in this description of this desolate attack. Finally the question will be addressed of whether we were aware of the attacks in advance and discuss the faction theories surrounding this hot button issue in World War II history. Tensions between Japan and the unite States increased greatly at the root of the fortify services orientedShowa era, as Nipponese nationalists and military leaders utilise escalating influence over government policy, renting the creation of aGreater einsteinium Asia allianceas part of Japans alleged augur rightto unify all of Asia underEmperor Showas rule,threatening the already-established American, French, British, and Dutch colonies located in Asia. i passim the 1930s, Japans increasing expansion policies got them into conflicts with its neighbors, Russia and Chinaii .In March of 1933, Japan take away itself from theLeague of Nationsbecause of international displease for its des ire to conquer Manchuriaand for their plans to establish theManchukuopuppet government. On January 15, 1936, Japan also removed representatives from theSecond London Naval disarming Conferenceiiibecause the coupled States and Great Britain did not want to grant theImperial Nipponese navy(IJN) parity with their navies. iv Asecond warbetween the Japanese and Chinese hook onenessd with theMarco Polo pair Incidentin July 1937v.Japans attack on China was looked down upon by the join States and the bulk of the members of the League of Nations including Britain, France, Australia, and the Netherlands. The crimes of the Japanese during the conflict such as the Rape of Nankingvi, definitely made relations with the rest of the world truly strained. These states had several interests, as easy as formal colonies, in the eastern United Statesand southeastern Asia. Japans new power and its urge to use it raised great concerns, which threatened the control they had in Asia.In July of 193 9, the United States got rid of its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan, but this causa failed to stop Japan from continuing the war in China, or from signing theTripartite pactin 1940 withHitlers Germanyand Italy, absenticially forming theAxis Powers. Japan took practiced advantage of Germanys war in Europe to better its progress in the Far East. The Tripartite Pact ascertaind each of the nations that had signed would have service if attacked by any country indeed considered neutral. This stipulation was directed at the United States, and gave Japan more power on the political stage.The Tripartite Pact now posed a great threat to the United States on both the Atlantic and peace-loving coasts. Hitler and Mussolini threatening on the Atlantic Ocean, and the Japanese on the Pacific Ocean. The Roosevelt administration felt theAmerican lifestylewould be threatened if Europe and the Far East were to come under control of a dictatorship. Roosevelt pledged to help the British and th e Chinese he loaned both money andmaterialsto both countries and promised that America facilitate would be enough to promise their survival of war. Giving this aid would start to move the United States from a neutral country to a country preparing for war.On October 8, 1940, admiral pack O. Ric ruggedson, who was the commander of the Pacific Fleet, crowdd a opponent with President Roosevelt, resending his messages from previous transmissions toChief of Naval Operations full admiralHarold R. Starkand toSecretary of the Navy vocal Knox, that Pearl entertain was the be best gravel for his ships to be located. Roosevelt told Richardson that having that fleet in Pearl halt was a restraining influence on the Japanese. Richardson asked the president if the United States was going to war. vii In Richardsons retelling of the account the president responded At least as early as October 8, 1940, President Roosevelt believed that aff rail lines had reached such a state that the United St ates would be come involved in a war with Japan. that if the Japanese attacked Thailand, or the Kra Peninsula, or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war, that if they even attacked the Philippines he suspected whether we would enter the war, but that they (the Japanese) could not always bar making mistakes and that as the war continued and that area of trading operations expanded sooner of after they would make a mistake and we would enter the war. . viii In 1940, Japanese troops moved into northernIndochina. The invasion of Indochina, along with the Tripartite Pact, their war in China, increasing troops, and Japans expiration the League of Nations made the U. S. embargo metal that was being shipped to Japan and to tighten down its foreign policy actions towards the Japanese and shut down thePanama lineto Japanese ships. In 1941, Japanese troops invaded southern Indochina.On July 26 1941 the United States answered by freezing near Japanese assets in the United Sta tes and, then(prenominal) on August 1 1941, placed embargos on all of the oil and gas exports to Japan. Oil was the most important resource imported to Japan at the fourth dimension more than 80 percent of Japans oil imports came from the United States. To make accredited they had oil, and several other vital resources, the Japanese had long been looking for other places for their supplies, specifically in theDutch East Indies.The Navy was for certain any plan of action to seize the Dutch East Indies would bring the United States into the war and were very(prenominal) skeptical when it came clock to stand for with the other factions plans for the invasion. The plump United States oil embargo changed to the naval view to support the expansion toward support for the invasion of the Dutch East Indies and capture of all of the oil palm there. later on the embargoes and the freezing of all assets, the Ambassador of Japan in capital letter and the secretary of State Cordell ta ke away had multiple meetings to try and find a reply to the Japanese-American jobs.No solution could be found because of three study problems which were Japans alliance to Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact Japan wanted total control and responsibility for southeastward Asia and Japan refused to leave China. Feeling the strain from the U. S. embargoes, Japan developed a sense of urgency, they either had to agree to Washingtons demands and return to normal trade, or use force to gain access to resources that were available throughout the Pacific.Deciding that agreeing to Washingtons demands was unacceptable The Japanese decided to specify for war with the United States, and seeing the opportunity of the forrard basing of theUS Pacific Fleetat Pearl Harbor, the Japanese began to plan in early 1941 for an attack on Pearl Harbor. For the next several months, planning a simultaneous attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of British and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific o ccupied most of the Japanese time and attention.The Pearl Harbor attack planning came from the Japanese predicting that the United States would be drawn into the war afterward the Japanese attacked Malaya and Singapore. The intent of a ingrain on Pearl Harbor was to negate the American navy in the Pacific, in turn removing it from dictating operations against American, British, and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific. Planning in the beginning had seen a battle between the two powers would take place in Japanese wet after the United States Navel Fleet travelled across the Pacific Ocean, which would come under attack by submarines and other forces all the way across.The United States Fleet would be beaten in a climactic battle. A surprise attack presented a hard-fought problem for two major reasons. First, the United States Pacific Fleet was a major force, and they would not be a pushover to defeat or sneak up on. Second, for an air attack, Pearl Harbors change amniotic fluid made the use of standardair-dropped torpedoesuseless. On the bright side, the isolation of the island of Hawaii meant that a surprise attack could not be stopped or countered quickly by forces stationed in the continental United States.A lot of Japans naval officers were very impress with the BritishOperation Judgement, where twenty one old and outdatedFairey Swordfishcrippled half(prenominal) of theRegia Marina. Admiral Yamamoto went as far as sending a delegation to Italy, which decided that a recital of Cunninghams strike on a much larger scale could force the United States Pacific Fleet to have to return to bases in California, which would give the Japanese time to put a barrier defense team in place to defend the Japanese control of the Dutch East Indies.The delegation returned from Italy with information on how the Cunningham engineers devised change-running torpedoes. Japans navel planners were without a doubt influenced by AdmiralTogos surprise attack that was executed o n the Pacific Fleet of Russiaat demeanor Arthur in 1905, and also they were influenced by U. S. Admiral beset Yarnells work in the 1932 joint army-Navy exercises, which was used to simulate an invasion of the island of Hawaii. Yarnell, as the leader of the force that was attack the island, placed his aircraft attack aircraft carriers northwest f Oahu and simulated an air attack. The umpires of the exercises noted that Yarnells aircraft were able to impose serious damage on the defending team, who for 24 hours after the attack were not able to find his team. In a letter that was written on January 7, 1941 Yamamoto finally throw overboarded a somewhat rough draft of his plan toKoshiro Oikawa, then Navy Minister, who he also asked that he be made commander in Chief of the air fleet to carry out the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A meet of weeks later in another letter, this time sent toTakijiro Onishi, chief of staff of the Eleventh occupation Fleet, Yamamoto asked Onishi to st udy the actual efficacy successfully carrying out an attack against the American base. after(prenominal) speaking withKosei Maeda originally, an expert on aerial torpedo warfare, and being told that harbors shallow waters made an attack of this nature very close to impossible Onsihi then sought the advice of Commanderand planner Minoru Genda.Once Genda studied the original plan issued by Yamamoto, Genda said the plan is difficult but not impossible. During the next couple weeks, Genda made some changes to Yamamotos rough draft of the attack, stressing the importance of the attack being executed early in the morning and in execute secrecy, using an aircraft carrier fleet and many different types of bombing. ixAlthough bombing the United States Pacific Fleet while they were anchored in Pearl Harbor would be a surprise, it also had two large flaws The ships that would be targeted would be sunk or damaged in the shallow water waters of the harbor, which would mean that they could po ssibly be salvaged and possibly returned to concern (as six of the eight battleships eventually were) and most of the crews would be able to live through the attack, since the majority would be on leavewhich means they would be on shore or that most could be easily rescued from the harbor after the attack took place.Despite these concerns, Yamamoto and Genda pressed ahead. By April of 1941, the plan to attack Pearl Harbor began to be referred to asOperation Z, named after the famous Z signal given by Admiral Togo at Tsushima. Throughout the summer of 1941 leading up to the attack, pilots were training in secret nearKagoshima Cityon the Japanese island ofKyushu. Genda chose this location because the geography and al-Qaeda of Kagoshima City presented almost all of the same problems bombers would have to overcome during the attack on Pearl Harbor.In training, each flight crew navigated over the 5000-foot mountain fundament Kagoshima City and dropped into the city, maneuvering around twists before descending to an meridian of 25 feet at the oceans edge. Bombardiers dropped torpedoes at some 300 yards away. The skimming of the water did not fix the problem of torpedoes hitting the ocean floor in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor. Japanese engineers developed modifications allowing successful shallow water drops. The engineers work turned out to be a heavily modified interpreting of theType 91 torpedo,which turned out to inflict most of the damage to ships during the attack.Japanese weapon engineers also developed supernumeraryarmor-piercing bombswith fitted fins and release shackles to 14 and 16inch naval shells. These were able to pierce the more lightly armored decks of the older battleships still in service. On November 26, 1941, a JapaneseStriking Force of six aircraft carriers (Akagi, Kaga,Soryu,Hiryu,Shokaku, andZuikaku) go away Japanheadingto a predetermined position that was northwest of Hawaii, with the intention to launch its planes to execute th e surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A total of 408 aircraft were mantic to be used in the attack 360 for the two attack waves, 48 on defensive invade air patrol(CAP), including nine fighters that would work treble duty on CAP and the first attack wave. The first wave was going to be the major attack, with the second wave serving as a way to finish whatever objectives remained to be completed. The first wave featured the majority of the weapons to attack chapiter ships mainly the particular(prenominal)ly adaptedType 91aerial torpedoesthat we discussed earlier. xThe attack crews were told to pick the gamyest value targets such as battleships andaircraft carriers or, if they were not available, any other high profile ships like cruisers and destroyers. The dive bomberswere ordered to attack ground targets. Fighter pilots were told to strafe and destroy as many grounded aircraft as possible to make sure they did not get into the air to attack the bombers, specifically during the firs t wave. When the planes fuel got low they were ordered to return to the aircraft carriers to refuel, then immediately return to the attack.Fighters were ordered to serve CAP duties when needed, especially over the US airfields where the United States planes were grounded. Before the attack began, two aircraftswere launched from cruisers were sent to scout and gain information over Oahu and report on the composition of the fleet and their exact location. Another quartette planes scouted the area between the Japanese carrier force in order to prevent the task force from being caught by a surprise counterattack. xi The attack on Pearl Harbor actually took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but it was not the Admirals intention to do this.He originally stated that the attack should not take place until at least thirty minutes after Japan had formally notified the United States that negotiations for peace had come to a close. xiiThe Japanese tried to play by th e rules of war while still making the attack a surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered and translated. Japan sent the 5,000-word declairation of war (commonly called the 14-Part Message) in two sections to theJapanese Embassy in Washington, but translating the message took too long for it to be delivered in time. In fact, U. S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it. ). The final part of the 14 Part Message is what some call the actual declaration of war. duration it did not declare war nor did it end diplomatic relations, it was viewed by a large number of senior U. S government officials as a very strong indication that negotiations were likely doneand that war was going to erupt at any moment.A declaration of war from Japan was printed on the front knave of Japans tidingspapers in the evening edition of declination 8,but it was not delivered to the United States governmen t until the solar day after the attack had already taken place. The first attack wave consisted of 183 planes that were launched north of Oahu, led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. It included ? first stem(targets battleships and aircraft carriers) ? 50Nakajima B5NKatebombers armed with 800kg (1760lb)armor piercing bombs, organized in four sections ? 40 B5N bombers armed withType 91 torpedoes, also in four sections ? nd Group (targetsFord IslandandWheeler Field) ? 54Aichi D3AValdive bombers armed with 550lb (249kg) worldwide purpose bombs ? 3rd Group (targets aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barbers Point, Kaneohe) ? 45Mitsubishi A6MZekefighters for air control andstrafing ? Six planes failed to launch due to technical difficulties. xiii The second wave was 171 planes 54 B5Ns, 81 D3As, and 36 A6Ms, led by LieutenantShigekazu Shimazaki. Four of the planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties.This wave and its targets comprised ? 1st Group 54 B5Ns arm ed with 550lb (249kg) and 132lb (60kg) general purpose bombs ? 27 B5Ns aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point ? 27 B5Ns hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field ? second Group(targets aircraft carriers and cruisers) ? 81 D3As armed with 550lb (249kg) general purpose bombs, in four sections ? 3rd Group (targets aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barbers Point, Kaneohe) ? 36 A6Ms for defense and strafingxiv The United States suffered great losses all eight U. S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four being sunk. Of the eight damaged six were raised, repaired and returned to service later in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, threedestroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship,and oneminelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed 2,402 Americans were killedand 1,282 wounded. The power station, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of theintelligence section) were not attacked. xv Japanese losses were light 29 aircraft and fivemidget submarineslost, and 65 servicemen killed or wounded. One Japanese sailorwas captured. xvi After the attack, 15Medals of Honor, 51Navy Crosses, 53Silver Stars, fourNavy and Marine Corps Medals, oneDistinguished Flying Cross, fourDistinguished aid Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, and threeBronze Star Medalswere awarded to the American military men who served in combat at Pearl Harbor. xviiAlso, a special award, thePearl Harbor Commemorative Medal, was later made and given to all military veterans of the attack. The day hobby the attack, Roosevelt gave his now famousInfamy Speechto aJoint Session of Congress, calling for adeclaration of war on the Empire of Japan. Congress granted this request in less than an hour. On December 11 1941 Germany and Italy, honoring the Tripartite Pact, declared war on the United States. The United States Congress issued a declaration of war later the same day against Germany and Italy.Britain declared war on the Japanese some nine hours before the United States did, mostly because of the Japanese attacks on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and also due to the promise that Winston Churchill made to declare war within the hour if the Japanese executed an attack against the United States. The attack was a huge shock to the Allies in the Pacific Theater. More losses made the setback even more alarming. Japanattacked the Philippines just a few shorthours later but because of the time difference, it was December 8 in the Philippines.Just a few days after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, thePrince of WalesandRepulse,which were two British ships, were sunkoff the coast ofMalaya, British Prime MinisterWinston Churchilllater said In all the war I never received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in theIndian Oceanor thePacificexcept the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California.Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked. xviii During the rest of the war, Pearl Harbor was very often used withAmerican propaganda to promote the war. Another huge reaction by America because of the attacks on Pearl Harbor was that most of the Japanese American residents and citizens were relocated to Japanese-American incarcerationcamps. Just a few short hours after the attack, hundreds of Japanese American leaders were arrested and brought to high-security camps that likeSand Islandand Kilauea Military Camplocated in Hawaii.Later, over 110,000 Japanese Americans, this includes United States citizens, were yanked from their homes and transferred to these high security captivity camps in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. xix As was discussed previously discussed, was America aware of the plans of the attac k? Several theorists dont accept the view that Pearl Harbor was a complete surprise and these theorists always make clear that Roosevelt wanted, though did not say so officially, the U. S. to play a part in the war against Germany.A basic fascinate of the political situation of 1941 displays reasonable evidence Roosevelt invited, allowed, or even knew of the Pearl Harbor attack. Military historiographer and novelistThomas Flemingposes the argument that President Roosevelt himself, had wished that Germany or Japan would make the first blow, but did not expect the United States to be hit as hard as it was in the attack on Pearl Harbor. xx In closing I feel that the United States was aware of this devastating attack and that my thesis of On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japans surprise attacks on the U.S. Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second World War and raised many questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior knowledge of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. was well covered through out duration of this research. i The effort to establish the Imperial Way (kodo) had begun with theSecond Sino-Japanese War(calledsei sen, or holy war, by Japan). Bix, Herbert,Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. ii Japan had fought theFirst Sino-Japanese Warwith China in 1894-95 and the Russo-Japanese Warwith Russia in 1904-05 Japans imperialist ambitions had a extend in precipitating both conflicts. iii The Second London Naval Disarmament Conference opened inLondon,United Kingdomon 9 December 1935. It resulted in theSecond London Naval Treatywhich was signed on 25 March 1936. iv Lester H. Brune and Richard dean Burns,Chronological storey of U.S. Foreign Relations 1932-1988, 2003, p. 504. v TheMarco Polo Bridge Incident was abattlebetween the majority rule of Chinas National Revolutionary Armyand theImperial Japanese Army, often u sed as the marker for the start of theSecond Sino-Japanese War (19371945) vi The Rape of Nanking was amass murder, andwar rapethat occurred during the six-week period following the Japanesecaptureof the city ofNanking, the former capital of theRepublic of China, on December 13, 1937 during theSecond Sino-Japanese War. vii Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor endeavour, Part 40, rascal 506, Conclusions Restated With back up Evidence viii Richardson, On the Treadmill, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, Human Smoke, p. 239 ix Prange, Gordon,At permeate We Slept, Penguin Books, p. 25-27 x Peattie, Mark R. (2001),Sunburst The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 19091941, Naval Institute crusade xi Tony DiGiulian. Order of action Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17. xii Calvocoressiet al. ,The Penguin annals of the Second World War, p. 52 xiii Prange. p. 102 xiv Prange. p. 102 xv Full Pearl Harbor casualty list. Usswestvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. xvi Full Pearl Harbor casualty list. Usswestvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. xvii Prange. p. 454 xviii Churchill, Winston Martin gilbert (2001),December 1941,The Churchill War Papers The Ever-Widening War,Volume 3 1941, London, New York W. W. Norton, p 15931594, xix Prange. p. 632 xx Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). Pearl Harbor Hype. archives News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Bibliography PrimaryBurtness, Paul, and Warren Ober. President Roosevelt, Admiral Stark, and the Unsent Warning to Pearl Harbor A Research Note.. Australian Journal of Politics & History. 57. no. 4 (2011) 580-88. http//web. ebscohost. com. proxy. ohiolink. edu9099/ehost/detail? vid=4&hid=113&emailprotected&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==, Retrieved 2012-02-21 Attack At Pearl Harbor, 1941, the Japanese View eyewitness to History, www. eyewitnesstohistory. com (2001). Retrieved 2012-03-01 Harriet Moore, (U. S. Army Nurse Corps 2nd Lt. , audience by Erica Warren, Army nurse recalls att ack on Pearl Harbor,North County Times, December 7, 2003, January 31, 2012, http//www. nctimes. com/news/local/article_85b4ea10-e9c2-5af7-8e74-deddc726aa5b. html. Conn, Stetson Fairchild, Byron Engelman, Rose C. (2000),7 The Attack on Pearl Harbor,Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, Washington D. C. Center of Military History United States Army Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack,Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Washington D.C. United States Government Printing Office, 1946, retrieved 2012-02-08 US Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor, United States National Archives, Modern Military Branch, 1942 Churchill, Winston Martin Gilbert (2001),December 1941,The Churchill War Papers The Ever-Widening War,Volume 3 1941, London, New York W. W. Norton, p 15931594, Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, Page 506, Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence Secondary Bix, Herbert,Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. Prange, Gordon.At Dawn We Slept The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981. Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). Pearl Harbor Hype. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Richardson, On the Treadmill, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, Human Smoke Peattie, Mark R. (2001),Sunburst The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 19091941, Naval Institute Press Calvocoressiet al. ,The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 952 Tony DiGiulian. Order of participation Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17.Pearl Harbor A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War IIPearl Harbor A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War II altered the face of American history forever. This being a war the United States was greatly against and never wanted to enter, They were thrust into the war by a brutal attack from the Japanese on a Navel base located in the pacific o cean on the island Oahu in what is called Pearl Harbor. This attack on the base was a direct attack against the United States and gave America no choice but to enter the war they were originally so opposed to, or were they? Did the American government know that the Japanese were planning an attack?Did the United States allow the Japanese kill and wound several thousand Americans and sink and damage several naval ships all for a reason to enter a war our President longed to be a part of? Those questions along with several more have been raised by authors and thinkers throughout history. These questions along with several more will be examined in depth throughout this writing. The thesis of this paper is as follows, On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japans surprise attacks on the U. S.Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second World War and raised many questions and conspiracies pertainin g to prior knowledge of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. First, the anticipation of war will be discussed and the events leading to attack. Secondly, the process that the Japanese went through will be discussed, from the year of planning to the secretive launch of their striking force also their already obvious aggression displayed by the invasion of China.Another crucial piece to this puzzle is the Tripartite pact signed by Japan to make them apart of the Axis powers. Also the Japanese fleet and how they were utilized and coordinated in this attack will play a vital part in this description of this devastating attack. Finally the question will be addressed of whether we were aware of the attacks in advance and discuss the conspiracy theories surrounding this hot button issue in World War II history. Tensions between Japan and the United States increased greatly at the start of the military orientedShowa era, as Japanese nationalists and military leaders used e scalating influence over government policy, accepting the creation of aGreater East Asia allianceas part of Japans alleged divine rightto unify all of Asia underEmperor Showas rule,threatening the already-established American, French, British, and Dutch colonies located in Asia. i Throughout the 1930s, Japans increasing expansion policies got them into conflicts with its neighbors, Russia and Chinaii .In March of 1933, Japan removed itself from theLeague of Nationsbecause of international displease for its desire to conquer Manchuriaand for their plans to establish theManchukuopuppet government. On January 15, 1936, Japan also removed representatives from theSecond London Naval Disarmament Conferenceiiibecause the United States and Great Britain did not want to grant theImperial Japanese Navy(IJN) parity with their navies. iv Asecond warbetween the Japanese and Chinese started with theMarco Polo Bridge Incidentin July 1937v.Japans attack on China was looked down upon by the United S tates and the majority of the members of the League of Nations including Britain, France, Australia, and the Netherlands. The crimes of the Japanese during the conflict such as the Rape of Nankingvi, definitely made relations with the rest of the world very strained. These states had several interests, as well as formal colonies, in the EastandSoutheast Asia. Japans new power and its urge to use it raised great concerns, which threatened the control they had in Asia.In July of 1939, the United States got rid of its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan, but this effort failed to stop Japan from continuing the war in China, or from signing theTripartite Pactin 1940 withHitlers Germanyand Italy, officially forming theAxis Powers. Japan took full advantage of Germanys war in Europe to better its progress in the Far East. The Tripartite Pact promised each of the nations that had signed would have assistance if attacked by any country then considered neutral. This stipulation was directed at the United States, and gave Japan more power on the political stage.The Tripartite Pact now posed a great threat to the United States on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Hitler and Mussolini threatening on the Atlantic Ocean, and the Japanese on the Pacific Ocean. The Roosevelt administration felt theAmerican lifestylewould be threatened if Europe and the Far East were to come under control of a dictatorship. Roosevelt pledged to help the British and the Chinese he loaned both money andmaterialsto both countries and promised that America aid would be enough to promise their survival of war. Giving this aid would start to move the United States from a neutral country to a country preparing for war.On October 8, 1940, AdmiralJames O. Richardson, who was the commander of the Pacific Fleet, forced a confrontation with President Roosevelt, resending his messages from previous transmissions toChief of Naval OperationsAdmiralHarold R. Starkand toSecretary of the NavyFrank Knox, that Pearl Harbor was the be best place for his ships to be located. Roosevelt told Richardson that having that fleet in Pearl Harbor was a restraining influence on the Japanese. Richardson asked the president if the United States was going to war. vii In Richardsons retelling of the account the president responded At least as early as October 8, 1940, President Roosevelt believed that affairs had reached such a state that the United States would be come involved in a war with Japan. that if the Japanese attacked Thailand, or the Kra Peninsula, or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war, that if they even attacked the Philippines he doubted whether we would enter the war, but that they (the Japanese) could not always avoid making mistakes and that as the war continued and that area of operations expanded sooner of later they would make a mistake and we would enter the war. . viii In 1940, Japanese troops moved into northernIndochina. The invasion of Indochina, along with the T ripartite Pact, their war in China, increasing troops, and Japans leaving the League of Nations made the U. S. embargo metal that was being shipped to Japan and to tighten down its foreign policy actions towards the Japanese and shut down thePanama Canalto Japanese ships. In 1941, Japanese troops invaded southern Indochina.On July 26 1941 the United States answered by freezing most Japanese assets in the United States and, then on August 1 1941, placed embargos on all of the oil and gas exports to Japan. Oil was the most important resource imported to Japan at the time more than 80 percent of Japans oil imports came from the United States. To make sure they had oil, and several other vital resources, the Japanese had long been looking for other places for their supplies, specifically in theDutch East Indies.The Navy was sure any plan of action to seize the Dutch East Indies would bring the United States into the war and were very skeptical when it came time to agree with the other f actions plans for the invasion. The complete United States oil embargo changed to the naval view to support the expansion toward support for the invasion of the Dutch East Indies and capture of all of the oil fields there. After the embargoes and the freezing of all assets, the Ambassador of Japan in Washington and the secretary of State Cordell Hull had multiple meetings to try and find a solution to the Japanese-American problems.No solution could be found because of three major problems which were Japans alliance to Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact Japan wanted total control and responsibility for Southeast Asia and Japan refused to leave China. Feeling the strain from the U. S. embargoes, Japan developed a sense of urgency, they either had to agree to Washingtons demands and return to normal trade, or use force to gain access to resources that were available throughout the Pacific.Deciding that agreeing to Washingtons demands was unacceptable The Japanese decided to prepare for war with the United States, and seeing the opportunity of the forward basing of theUS Pacific Fleetat Pearl Harbor, the Japanese began to plan in early 1941 for an attack on Pearl Harbor. For the next several months, planning a simultaneous attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of British and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific occupied most of the Japanese time and attention.The Pearl Harbor attack planning came from the Japanese predicting that the United States would be drawn into the war after the Japanese attacked Malaya and Singapore. The intent of a strike on Pearl Harbor was to negate the American navy in the Pacific, in turn removing it from dictating operations against American, British, and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific. Planning in the beginning had seen a battle between the two powers would take place in Japanese waters after the United States Navel Fleet traveled across the Pacific Ocean, which would come under attack by submarines and other forces all the way across.The United States Fleet would be beaten in a climactic battle. A surprise attack presented a difficult problem for two major reasons. First, the United States Pacific Fleet was a major force, and they would not be a pushover to defeat or sneak up on. Second, for an air attack, Pearl Harbors shallow waters made the use of standardair-dropped torpedoesuseless. On the bright side, the isolation of the island of Hawaii meant that a surprise attack could not be stopped or countered quickly by forces stationed in the continental United States.A lot of Japans naval officers were very impressed with the BritishOperation Judgement, where twenty one old and outdatedFairey Swordfishcrippled half of theRegia Marina. Admiral Yamamoto went as far as sending a delegation to Italy, which decided that a version of Cunninghams strike on a much larger scale could force the United States Pacific Fleet to have to return to bases in California, which would give the Japanese time to put a barrier defense in place to defend the Japanese control of the Dutch East Indies.The delegation returned from Italy with information on how the Cunningham engineers devised shallow-running torpedoes. Japans navel planners were without a doubt influenced by AdmiralTogos surprise attack that was executed on the Pacific Fleet of Russiaat Port Arthur in 1905, and also they were influenced by U. S. AdmiralHarry Yarnells work in the 1932 joint Army-Navy exercises, which was used to simulate an invasion of the island of Hawaii. Yarnell, as the leader of the force that was attacking the island, placed his aircraft carriers northwest f Oahu and simulated an air attack. The umpires of the exercises noted that Yarnells aircraft were able to impose serious damage on the defending team, who for 24 hours after the attack were not able to find his team. In a letter that was written on January 7, 1941 Yamamoto finally delivered a somewhat rough draft of his plan toKoshiro Oikawa, then Navy Minister , who he also asked that he be made Commander in Chief of the air fleet to carry out the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A couple of weeks later in another letter, this time sent toTakijiro Onishi, chief of staff of the Eleventh Air Fleet, Yamamoto asked Onishi to study the actual ability successfully carrying out an attack against the American base. After speaking withKosei Maeda originally, an expert on aerial torpedo warfare, and being told that harbors shallow waters made an attack of this nature very close to impossible Onsihi then sought the advice of Commanderand planner Minoru Genda.Once Genda studied the original plan issued by Yamamoto, Genda said the plan is difficult but not impossible. During the next couple weeks, Genda made some changes to Yamamotos rough draft of the attack, stressing the importance of the attack being executed early in the morning and in complete secrecy, using an aircraft carrier fleet and many different types of bombing. ixAlthough bombing the Uni ted States Pacific Fleet while they were anchored in Pearl Harbor would be a surprise, it also had two large flaws The ships that would be targeted would be sunk or damaged in the shallow water waters of the harbor, which would mean that they could possibly be salvaged and possibly returned to duty (as six of the eight battleships eventually were) and most of the crews would be able to live through the attack, since the majority would be on leavewhich means they would be on shore or that most could be easily rescued from the harbor after the attack took place.Despite these concerns, Yamamoto and Genda pressed ahead. By April of 1941, the plan to attack Pearl Harbor began to be referred to asOperation Z, named after the famous Z signal given by Admiral Togo at Tsushima. Throughout the summer of 1941 leading up to the attack, pilots were training in secret nearKagoshima Cityon the Japanese island ofKyushu. Genda chose this location because the geography and infrastructure of Kagoshima City presented almost all of the same problems bombers would have to overcome during the attack on Pearl Harbor.In training, each flight crew navigated over the 5000-foot mountain behind Kagoshima City and dropped into the city, maneuvering around buildings before descending to an altitude of 25 feet at the oceans edge. Bombardiers dropped torpedoes at some 300 yards away. The skimming of the water did not fix the problem of torpedoes hitting the ocean floor in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor. Japanese engineers developed modifications allowing successful shallow water drops. The engineers work turned out to be a heavily modified version of theType 91 torpedo,which turned out to inflict most of the damage to ships during the attack.Japanese weapon engineers also developed specialarmor-piercing bombswith fitted fins and release shackles to 14 and 16inch naval shells. These were able to pierce the more lightly armored decks of the older battleships still in service. On November 26 , 1941, a JapaneseStriking Force of six aircraft carriers (Akagi, Kaga,Soryu,Hiryu,Shokaku, andZuikaku) left Japanheadingto a predetermined position that was northwest of Hawaii, with the intention to launch its planes to execute the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A total of 408 aircraft were supposed to be used in the attack 360 for the two attack waves, 48 on defensivecombat air patrol(CAP), including nine fighters that would serve double duty on CAP and the first attack wave. The first wave was going to be the major attack, with the second wave serving as a way to finish whatever objectives remained to be completed. The first wave featured the majority of the weapons to attackcapital ships mainly the specially adaptedType 91aerial torpedoesthat we discussed earlier. xThe attack crews were told to pick the highest value targets such as battleships andaircraft carriers or, if they were not available, any other high profile ships like cruisers and destroyers. The dive bomberswere o rdered to attack ground targets. Fighter pilots were told to strafe and destroy as many grounded aircraft as possible to make sure they did not get into the air to attack the bombers, specifically during the first wave. When the planes fuel got low they were ordered to return to the aircraft carriers to refuel, then immediately return to the attack.Fighters were ordered to serve CAP duties when needed, especially over the US airfields where the United States planes were grounded. Before the attack began, two aircraftswere launched from cruisers were sent to scout and gain information over Oahu and report on the composition of the fleet and their exact location. Another four planes scouted the area between the Japanese carrier force in order to prevent the task force from being caught by a surprise counterattack. xi The attack on Pearl Harbor actually took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but it was not the Admirals intention to do this.He originally stat ed that the attack should not take place until at least thirty minutes after Japan had formally notified the United States that negotiations for peace had come to a close. xiiThe Japanese tried to play by the rules of war while still making the attack a surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered and translated. Japan sent the 5,000-word declairation of war (commonly called the 14-Part Message) in two sections to theJapanese Embassy in Washington, but translating the message took too long for it to be delivered in time. In fact, U. S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it. ). The final part of the 14 Part Message is what some call the actual declaration of war. While it did not declare war nor did it end diplomatic relations, it was viewed by a large number of senior U. S government officials as a very strong indication that negotiations were likely doneand that war was going to eru pt at any moment.A declaration of war from Japan was printed on the front page of Japans newspapers in the evening edition of December 8,but it was not delivered to the United States government until the day after the attack had already taken place. The first attack wave consisted of 183 planes that were launched north of Oahu, led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. It included ? 1st Group(targets battleships and aircraft carriers) ? 50Nakajima B5NKatebombers armed with 800kg (1760lb)armor piercing bombs, organized in four sections ? 40 B5N bombers armed withType 91 torpedoes, also in four sections ? nd Group (targetsFord IslandandWheeler Field) ? 54Aichi D3AValdive bombers armed with 550lb (249kg)general purpose bombs ? 3rd Group (targets aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barbers Point, Kaneohe) ? 45Mitsubishi A6MZekefighters for air control andstrafing ? Six planes failed to launch due to technical difficulties. xiii The second wave was 171 planes 54 B5Ns, 81 D3As, a nd 36 A6Ms, led by LieutenantShigekazu Shimazaki. Four of the planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties.This wave and its targets comprised ? 1st Group 54 B5Ns armed with 550lb (249kg) and 132lb (60kg) general purpose bombs ? 27 B5Ns aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point ? 27 B5Ns hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field ? 2nd Group(targets aircraft carriers and cruisers) ? 81 D3As armed with 550lb (249kg) general purpose bombs, in four sections ? 3rd Group (targets aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barbers Point, Kaneohe) ? 36 A6Ms for defense and strafingxiv The United States suffered great losses all eight U. S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four being sunk. Of the eight damaged six were raised, repaired and returned to service later in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, threedestroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship,and oneminelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed 2,402 Americans were k illedand 1,282 wounded. The power station, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of theintelligence section) were not attacked. xv Japanese losses were light 29 aircraft and fivemidget submarineslost, and 65 servicemen killed or wounded. One Japanese sailorwas captured. xvi After the attack, 15Medals of Honor, 51Navy Crosses, 53Silver Stars, fourNavy and Marine Corps Medals, oneDistinguished Flying Cross, fourDistinguished Service Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, and threeBronze Star Medalswere awarded to the American military men who served in combat at Pearl Harbor. xviiAlso, a special award, thePearl Harbor Commemorative Medal, was later made and given to all military veterans of the attack. The day following the attack, Roosevelt gave his now famousInfamy Speechto aJoint Session of Congress, calling for adeclaration of war on the Empire of Japan. Congress granted this request i n less than an hour. On December 11 1941 Germany and Italy, honoring the Tripartite Pact, declared war on the United States. The United States Congress issued a declaration of war later the same day against Germany and Italy.Britain declared war on the Japanese some nine hours before the United States did, mostly because of the Japanese attacks on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and also due to the promise that Winston Churchill made to declare war within the hour if the Japanese executed an attack against the United States. The attack was a huge shock to the Allies in the Pacific Theater. More losses made the setback even more alarming. Japanattacked the Philippines just a few shorthours later but because of the time difference, it was December 8 in the Philippines.Just a few days after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, thePrince of WalesandRepulse,which were two British ships, were sunkoff the coast ofMalaya, British Prime MinisterWinston Churchilllater said In all the war I n ever received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in theIndian Oceanor thePacificexcept the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California.Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked. xviii During the rest of the war, Pearl Harbor was very often used withAmerican propaganda to promote the war. Another huge reaction by America because of the attacks on Pearl Harbor was that most of the Japanese American residents and citizens were relocated to Japanese-American internmentcamps. Just a few short hours after the attack, hundreds of Japanese American leaders were arrested and brought to high-security camps that likeSand Islandand Kilauea Military Camplocated in Hawaii.Later, over 110,000 Japanese Americans, this includes United States citizens, were yanked from their homes and transferred to these high securit y internment camps in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. xix As was discussed previously discussed, was America aware of the plans of the attack? Several theorists dont accept the view that Pearl Harbor was a complete surprise and these theorists always make clear that Roosevelt wanted, though did not say so officially, the U. S. to play a part in the war against Germany.A basic grip of the political situation of 1941 displays reasonable evidence Roosevelt invited, allowed, or even knew of the Pearl Harbor attack. Military historian and novelistThomas Flemingposes the argument that President Roosevelt himself, had wished that Germany or Japan would make the first blow, but did not expect the United States to be hit as hard as it was in the attack on Pearl Harbor. xx In closing I feel that the United States was aware of this devastating attack and that my thesis of On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japans surprise at tacks on the U.S. Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second World War and raised many questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior knowledge of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. was well covered through out duration of this research. i The effort to establish the Imperial Way (kodo) had begun with theSecond Sino-Japanese War(calledsei sen, or holy war, by Japan). Bix, Herbert,Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. ii Japan had fought theFirst Sino-Japanese Warwith China in 1894-95 and the Russo-Japanese Warwith Russia in 1904-05 Japans imperialist ambitions had a hand in precipitating both conflicts. iii The Second London Naval Disarmament Conference opened inLondon,United Kingdomon 9 December 1935. It resulted in theSecond London Naval Treatywhich was signed on 25 March 1936. iv Lester H. Brune and Richard Dean Burns,Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations 1932-1988, 2003, p. 504. v TheMarco Polo Bridge Incident was abattlebetween theRepublic of Chinas National Revolutionary Armyand theImperial Japanese Army, often used as the marker for the start of theSecond Sino-Japanese War (19371945) vi The Rape of Nanking was amass murder, andwar rapethat occurred during the six-week period following the Japanesecaptureof the city ofNanking, the former capital of theRepublic of China, on December 13, 1937 during theSecond Sino-Japanese War. vii Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, Page 506, Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence viii Richardson, On the Treadmill, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, Human Smoke, p. 239 ix Prange, Gordon,At Dawn We Slept, Penguin Books, p. 25-27 x Peattie, Mark R. (2001),Sunburst The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 19091941, Naval Institute Press xi Tony DiGiulian. Order of Battle Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17. xii Calvocoressiet al. ,The Pengu in History of the Second World War, p. 52 xiii Prange. p. 102 xiv Prange. p. 102 xv Full Pearl Harbor casualty list. Usswestvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. xvi Full Pearl Harbor casualty list. Usswestvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. xvii Prange. p. 454 xviii Churchill, Winston Martin Gilbert (2001),December 1941,The Churchill War Papers The Ever-Widening War,Volume 3 1941, London, New York W. W. Norton, p 15931594, xix Prange. p. 632 xx Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). Pearl Harbor Hype. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Bibliography PrimaryBurtness, Paul, and Warren Ober. President Roosevelt, Admiral Stark, and the Unsent Warning to Pearl Harbor A Research Note.. Australian Journal of Politics & History. 57. no. 4 (2011) 580-88. http//web. ebscohost. com. proxy. ohiolink. edu9099/ehost/detail? vid=4&hid=113&emailprotected&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==, Retrieved 2012-02-21 Attack At Pearl Harbor, 1941, the Japanese View EyeWitness to History, www. eyewitnesstohist ory. com (2001). Retrieved 2012-03-01 Harriet Moore, (U. S. Army Nurse Corps 2nd Lt. , interview by Erica Warren, Army nurse recalls attack on Pearl Harbor,North County Times, December 7, 2003, January 31, 2012, http//www. nctimes. com/news/local/article_85b4ea10-e9c2-5af7-8e74-deddc726aa5b. html. Conn, Stetson Fairchild, Byron Engelman, Rose C. (2000),7 The Attack on Pearl Harbor,Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, Washington D. C. Center of Military History United States Army Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack,Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Washington D.C. United States Government Printing Office, 1946, retrieved 2012-02-08 US Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor, United States National Archives, Modern Military Branch, 1942 Churchill, Winston Martin Gilbert (2001),December 1941,The Churchill War Papers The Ever-Widening War,Volume 3 1941, London, New York W. W. Norton , p 15931594, Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, Page 506, Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence Secondary Bix, Herbert,Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. Prange, Gordon.At Dawn We Slept The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981. Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). Pearl Harbor Hype. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Richardson, On the Treadmill, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, Human Smoke Peattie, Mark R. (2001),Sunburst The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 19091941, Naval Institute Press Calvocoressiet al. ,The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 952 Tony DiGiulian. Order of Battle Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

Hand book customer service Essay

Policies policies (structure, use, focus, node requirements/expectations, product and service knowledge, consultation, confidentiality, client perceptions and satisfaction, monitor node service and satisfaction, influences affecting implementation, effective communication)Quality of service methods of discernment customer expectations standardised procedures codes of practice module levels (staffing levels, staff competency, flexibility, reliability and responsiveness)Evaluation procedure sources of feedback accuracy relevance reliability validity methods of data collection improvements staff training and development Hospitality industry industries within the hospitality industry eg hotels, restaurants, pubs, bars and nightclubs, contract food service providers, hospitality services, membership clubs, events2. Understand the purpose of promoting a customer-foc utilize culture Communication types eg verbal, non-verbal body language, written types of response use effectCustomer c entral role customer service culture identifying and analysing customer requirements and expectations influences of service provision on customer perceptionsBenefits of improved service customer satisfaction, repeat railway line, improved reputation, increased profit3. Be able to investigate customer requirements and expectations Requirements sources of information eg customers, staff, management, customer records, past informationModule HandbookC. UgojiSept, 2013Page 2Unit HandbookUnit 4 The Customer Service primary winding research primary research eg sampling, qualitative, quantitative interview eg individual, group, survey, observation contact methods eg mail, telephone, personalSecondary research internal eg sales records, yield data, financial information, client databases external eg government publications, trade journals, periodicals, professional associations, national organisations, commercial data Satisfaction levels planning strategy assessment of options using researc hed information role of the business and services manager staffing levels motivating staff improvements4. Be able to provide customer service within business and services contexts to meet required standardsTypes of customers disparate age groups eg the elderly, children different cultural backgrounds special needs eg physically disabled satisfied dissatisfied under influence eg drugs, alcohol, medicationCustomer needs customer needs eg products and services, urgent, non-urgent, special requirements, quality of service, value for money, cultural, social trends eg fashion, ergonomic, equipment, training, products and services, consumer protection legislationCustomer service consultation advice personal selling complaints procedure reception skills confidentiality accomplishment OutcomesTo achieve this unit leaner must1. Understand customer service policies within business and services contexts2. Understand the purpose of promoting a customer-focused culture3. Be able to investigate customer requirements and expectations 4. Be able to provide customer service within business and services contexts to meet required standards.T individuallying strategies usedFollowing are the different teaching and learning strategies, a description of how they work, where they have been applied, results, and where to find more information from individuals, books, web sites, and other resources.Lecture NotesThe virtually basic way of supporting teaching in this module a place for scholarly persons to access lecture notes. The main advantages are reduction in the tot up of college Module HandbookC. UgojiSept, 2013Page 3Unit HandbookUnit 4 The Customer Servicephotocopying and students can access notes prior to lecture and overdress themselves.Presenting LecturesDisplaying these lecture notes with the addition of projectors using power point presentation slides to visualize the information to the students. An increasing variety of ways are utilizing to reach students of all diff erent learning styles, to help the students to understand complicated concepts and remember them better by using master graphic tools both on whiteboard and on electronic computers.Interactive TutorialsA set of questions have been designed for each school term in assessing student learning of subject matter using both paper based and computer based assessment techniques.The web and web authoringStudents are directed to use the advanced search engine to navigate the correct and legitimate information for their assignment. antithetic search engines compile information using different criteria and have access to different databases. Applying technology to develop students higher order skills and creativity to manage student learning activities in a technology-enhanced environment.Group DiscussionsThe students will be give topics and some cases with the use of case study that relates to the topic covered in each session. There will also be a follow up on the discussion using group pr esentation and class assessment as the case may be.Summary of lectureFor every session, there will be overall summary at the end teaching session.Attempting the passing banner in classThe student must attempt one or more learning outcome question covered in each session and the evidence will be documented

Traffic Jam in Dhaka City

EXAMINATION OF PROFITABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH BANKING INDUSTRY Nadim Jahangir, Shubhankar Shill2 and Md. Amlan Jahid Haque3 plagiarize Loans be the put on the lineiest asset of a aver, but these loanwords play a pivotal role in banks advantageousness. bounds profitability depends on the results of some parameters and among them Bank b surpass on Equity, Market Size, Market closeness Index, and Bank pretendMeasure are widely used and the same are investigated in the Bangladesh Banking Industry in this memorize for a period of the last six years. The data comes from the annual reports of individual banks listed in expectant of Bangladesh StockExchange (DSE) and from the Bangladesh bankb published statistics book (Scheduled Banks Statistics). Correlation matrix and stepwise regression consent been used for the purpose of data analysis. The analysisfinds that foodstuff concentration and bank b endangerment do little to explain bank b return on loveliness, where as bankb grocery store coat is the only variable providing an explanation for banks return on virtue in the context of Bangladesh. Introduction The tmhtional measure ofprofitabilitythrough stockholders virtue is quite unalike in banking industry ffom both other sector ofbusiness, where loan-to-deposit ratio works as a genuinely good ndicator ofbanks profitabiJity as it depicts the status of asset-liabilitymanagement ofbanks. But banks adventure is not only associated with this asset- liability management but also related to growth opportunity. Smooth growth insures higher(prenominal) future returns to holders and there lies the profitability which centre not only current profits but future returns as well. So, market size and market concentration index along with return to equity and loan-to-deposit ratio seize the attention of analyzing the banks profitability. The banking industry of Bangladesh is a mixed one comprising nationalized, private and foreign ommercial banks. M any efforts have been made to explain the performance of these banks. judgement the performance ofbanks requires knowledge about the profitability and the relationshps between variables like market size, banks risk and banks market size with profitability. Indeed, the performance evaluation of commercialised banks is especially valuable today because of the fierce competition. The banking (1) Dr. Nadim Jahangir (Associate Professor) holds a Ph. D. in Management from Australian Catholic University and now is teachmg in the Independent University of Bangladesh. (2) Shubhankar Shill (Lecturer) holds Master degree in pay from Dhaka University (Bangladesh) and now is teaching in the schooldays of Business, Independent University of Bangladesh. (3) Md. Arnlan Jahid Haque (Lecturer) holds a Master degree in Management from Rajshahi University (Bangladesh) and now is teaching in the School of Business, Independent University of Bangladesh. 36 ABAC Journal Vol. 27, No. 2 (May August, 2 007, pp. 36 46) Examination of PI .ofitability in the Context ofBangladesh Banking Indusqr industry is experiencing major transition for the last dickens decades. It is becoming imperative for banks to endure the pressure arising from oth internal and external factors and prove to be profitable. Until early 1985, Bangladesh had a highlyrepressed monetary sector (Chowhdury, 2002). Banks and other financial institutions were full owned by the government. In the early part of 1980, Bangladesh entered into the IMF and World Bank adjustment programs and the process of privatization and liberalization gained momentum under the influence ofthe World Bank and the IMF. Since then the banking industry of Bangladesh has become an attractive ground for both domestic and foreign investors to take part in the game. It is of utmost wideness that these layers prove themselves profitable. Andrews (1975) famed that it is essential to understand the st directgies to achieve greater profitability . In line with this, the current study makes an effort to unearth those pillars which are major constituents of strategies and goals. This paper intends to analyze the importance of internal and external factors for banks return on equity. Specifically, the purpose of the study is to closely examine the relationships of banks market concentration, market size, and banks risk with return on equity. The intention is to find out which amongst the potential determinants appear to be mportant. Hassan, Khan, and Haque, (1 995) previously examined banks profitability considering monetary affect and concentration in context of Bangladesh. However Fraser, Philips, and Rose (1974) stated that performance of commercial banks should not be measured by a single proxy but by a set of variables which are jointly determined by market structure, demand, and other factors. Therefore, the current study aims to propose and examine a framework incorporating banks market concentration, banks market size , banks risk, and identify the relationships of these variables with banks return on equity in context f Bangladesh. Literature Review Market Size Cravens (2000) elaborated that, market size is usually measured by currency, gross revenue andlor unit sales for any product market and also in specified time period other size measurement include the number of buyers average acquire quantity, frequency of purchase for any product oriented market. As a result the key measures of market size are market potential, sales forecast, and market share. In another study on banking reformation Thorsten and Ross (2002) measured the market size ofbanks against the GDP and to measure bank size, Thorsten and Ross (2002) used bank credit to he private sector as a share of GDP. Demirguc-Kunt and Maksimovic (2002) suggested that the extent to whichvarious financial, legal, and other factors (e. g. corruption) affect bank profitability is closely linked to size. In addition, as nearsighted (1 979) argue d, size is closely related to the capital adequacy of a bank since relatively banks tend to raise less expensive capital and, hence, appear much profitable. Luthria and Dhar (2005) defined market size as the scale of economic activity over which agents can contact. They tried to measure market size or spot by national borders. Large space creates the potential or reaping economies of scale and the scope for specialization as well. It requires specific investments in physical and human capital, as well as marketing channels, constrained by slow- moving economic activity. Market Concentration The concentration aspect is particularly important for the transition economies and it has been very commonly used as the measurement of Nadim Jrrhangir. Shubhankar ShiN and 1Mn. Amlan Jahid Haque profitability ofbanlung industry. Atbanasoglou, Brissims, and Delis (2005) argue that banking systems are highly concentrated, with little separation between central and commercial banking ctivities i n order to facilitate the banks role in the planning process. Ahighly concentrated banking sector results in market power for the banks. As opposed to perfect competition, banks having monopoly power would prevail to an equilibrium characterized by higher loan costs and a smaller quantity of loanable hnds (Cetorelli & Gambera, 2001). According to Alzaidanin (2003) when a large share of the business of a overstepn up industry is controlled by few large firms or concentrated in a few pockets the situation is usually termed as a slate ofconcentration. However, Deidda and Fattouh (2002) showed theoretically as well as mpirically that the relationship between banking concentration and return on equity depended on the level of economic development. More specifically, banking concentration had an untoward impact on return on equity only in low income countries. For high income countries, there was no significant notion between the two variables. Additionally, Beck, Maksimovic, and Voj islav (2003) found that this effect is especially strong if a state has a weak legal system, high level ofcorruption and a low level ofeconomic and financial development. Since these factors are true for at least some of the economies under consideration, ne would expect low banking concentration to foster return on equity. Bank Risk According to Allen (1 997), banks tend to focus on areas where they believe they have a comparative advantage to maximize efficiency in making loans. This approach makes banks give attention to geographic, industry specific demographics, and other market characteristics to operate. Calomiris and Karceski (1 998) noted that diversification and different levels ofriskyness is the result ofdifferences across banks in the scale oftheir operations. As economic conditions straggle across different regions and industrial sectors, therefore ank riskyness and return on equity also vary across different regions. Gerlach, Peng, and Shu (2004) took a different app roach in defining Banks risk. Poor management qualities in inefficient institutions have a tendency to cany higher risk (credit risk, operating(a) risk, & liquidness). The credit risk on any individual loan can be broken follow out into two components, the probability that the borrower will default, and the losses incurred in the event ofdefault. In an earlier study on asset quality of commercial banks Stafon (2000) found that bank return on equity driven mainly by changes in Net invade Margins NIMs) and loan provision which in turn were determined by asset quality. However, Greusning and Bratanovic (2003) revealed that return on equity is a revealing indicator of a banks emulous position in banking markets and of the quality of its management. The authors further elaborated that the income statement ofa bank is a key source of information on a banks return on equity, reveals the sources ofa banks earning and their quantity and quality as well as the quality of the banks loan po rtfolio and the focus of its expenditures. Relationship between market concentration and banks return on ecjuitv The mpirical findings on the relationship between market concentration and return on equity are as diverse as the theoretical underpinnings. Parsley and Wei (1 985) found that issue firrns in concentrated markets receive more credits than in competitive markets, with no difference for older firms, which results in a decreed effect on return on equity. In contrast, Examination of Profitability in the Context of Bangladesh Banking Indust, Cetorelli and Gambera (2001) concluded that banking concentration leads to an overall depressing effect on return on equity. The authors suggest that increased competition (thus less oncentration) causes a rise in entrepreneurship and thus a higher rate of new firm creation. Very convincing is the recent work of Deidda and Fattouh (2002) showing theoretically as well as empirically that the relationship between banking concentration and return on equity depends on the level of economic development. More specifically, banking concentration has an adverse impact on ROE only in low income countries. For hlgh income countries, there is no significant effect between the two variables. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be proposed Hypotheis1 There is a significant relationship between Banks arket concentration and Banks return on equity of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Relationship between market size and banks return on equity Shepherd (1972) mentioned a positive relation between the market size and return on equity. Such a nature ofrelationship continues to receive a great deal of attention. Seedier and Gee (1 96 1) suggested that the variability ofthe growth rate ofbank assets declines with the market size. Demerguq- Kunt and Huizinga (2001) noted that growth ofmarket size, in contrast, is positively and significantly related to profit growth. Again by following the same path of Smirlock (1 985),Alzaidanin ( 2003) mentioned a positive and significant relationship between banks size and banks return on equity based on product differentiations. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be proposed possibility 2 There is a significant relationship between Banks market size and Banks retum on equity of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Relationship between banks risk and banks return on equity Gizycki (2001) stated that even though return on equity is influenced by banks credit risk, the relationship between the two is not straightforward. Movements in the retum on assets will reflect not just credit risk, ut the full range of risks, including banks exposures to movements in interest rates and exchange rates, liquidity risk and operational risks. Moreover, banks return on equity reflects not just risk-taking, but also other factors such as the mix ofon and offbalance sheet business, operating efficiency, the level of competition within the banking market, and regulatory constraints. Banks earn higher returns by taking on riskier business, this will boost the return on equity. However, if a bank experiences losses beyond what it had provisioned for, such losses will reduce return on equity. Bourke (1 989) reports hat the effect of credit risk on retum on equity appears clearlynegative. This result may be explained by taking into account the fact that the more financial institutions are exposed to high- risk loans, the higher is the accumulation ofunpaid loans, implying that these loan losses have produced lower returns to many commercial banks. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be proposed Hypothesis 3 There is a significant relationship between Banks risk and Banks return on equity of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Conceptual framework It is proposed that banks market concentration, banks market size, and anks risk are important in the context oftheir relationships with banks return on equity. Based on the preceding literature review, the following framework was p roposed. Nadim Jahangir, Shubhankar Shill and Md. Amlan Jahid Haque The conceptual Mework (figure 1) depicts sample size is trimmed down to 15 because of the measured variables and their relationships in inaccessibility of data. To run the analysis data the present study. fiom the year 2000 to 2005 data were used. Measures Methodology Research setting To calculate profitability of selected banks, the following ratios were used Only the listed banks n the Dhaka Stock . Banks return on equity (ROE) = Exchange were selected for this study. The Net Income / Total Equity researchers collected thirdhand data from the annual reports of these banks. Market size= Individual banks deposit / Total banks deposit Srrrlpliilg nlethod Market Concentration index = Market size Currently the Dhaka Stock Exchange has 23 listed banks. Therefore, the researchers have . Bank Risk Measure = selected 23 banks in Bangladesh. However, the Banks total loan / total deposit Bds Market Concentration Banks Marke t Size. Bds Risk Banks Return on Equity Figre1 ConceptrlFramework of proposed variables and their relationshps. Examination of Profitability in the Context of Bangladesh Banking Industry The relevant reasons and credentials behind the above measures ofprofitability ofbanks are as follows According to Al-Shamrnari M. and Salirni A. (1 998) profitability ratio especially ROE signals the earning capability of the organization. They also suggest that higher return on equity (ROE) ratio is considerable as it is the primary indicator ofbanks profitability and functional efficiency. Besides that the authors pointed out that higher liquidityratio pulls strength of peration up. Thus, fiom their view it can be stated that bank risk can be offset through lower loan-to-deposit ratio. For bank, the capital sufficiency is important to fiu-ther growth as well as profitability. Conversely, more loans derive higher credit risk, higher rate of nonperforming loans, and lower return on asset as well as equity. They provided a data envelopment analysis (DEA) work to explore the financial position ofcommercial banks in Jordan. Therefore, ROE is used here to measure the profitabilitywhich is the most sought after measure among all. Philippatos andYildlrim (2007) recommended that the arket attractiveness and profitability has a positive relationship in the context of monopolistic banking business. Force of lending can pull up through increase efficiency of own capital and competency. However, earlier in 1977, Heggestad explained that if the individual bank has higher market share it is sure to enjoy monopoly which helps the bank to extend market concentration and reduce risk. The ultimate result is the increase ofreturn on equity (ROE). He also said that risk is a fimdamental factor in pulling up profit. But, market size diverts risk hm business and confirms smooth growth and secured ROE.

Carphone warehouse Essay

IntroductionCarphone warehouse is a mobile phone retailer founded in 1989 in an era when phones were too bulky, hence being referred to as carphones. Its based in UK and has over 1700 stores across Europe. Outside the United Kingdom and Ireland, the guild carries on its business under the name phone house. Carphone warehouse did its initial public offering at the main market of the London stock qualify (Great Britain et. al, 2011). There has been tremendous growth in the business and this has resulted to Carphone opening some branches at home and besides in Western Europe.Ways of improving trading operations at Carphone warehouseIn its quest to provide modern services to its customers and the lags in general, carphone warehouse has embarked on going back to the drawing board to hold in they seduce many of the latest mobile technologies. The strategy by this companionship to utilize smart technology in its stores has attracted a lot of attention and many shoppers are flocking their shops. The younger generation is so much obsessed with smart technology the large workforce of carphone is mainly the younger generation. This strategy is very in force(p) as it portrays a positive image to those shopping in its stores (summers, 1998). Carphone partners with many well performing companies together with which they do business. By using this strategy they resurrect their market position and this puts them ahead of the game. Recently it announced a possible partnership with Samsung which ordain see up to 60 standalone stores open across Europe.The company is well endowed with technology and many of their staffs are well equipped with the latest technology. According to the latest statistics from the stores, they have rolled out over 5000 tablets to members of their staff across all stores which is now seen as the single biggest digital workforce. The CEO of the company said in one of the tabloids that they put technology at the sum of what they do, and so pr actice what they preach.Carphone warehouse needs to undertake several measures to improve their business. To get at the top does not require much effort than to repose there. This company should evaluate their pricing this should be done first by evaluating what the customer think about their prices. They should come up with prices that are not guidance too high out of business neither too low to bring a burden of cash flow shortage (Greasley, 1999). They should also have prices and commodities for all classes of people, both high end customers and the common shoppers. This forget help bring up the profitability of the company.Carphone warehouse needs to improve on their worn out spots. There were criticism and accusation that they were slamming to win new customers, customers alleged that when they bought phones on this store their landlines accounts were subsequently switched off without their consent, a scenario like this will portray seriously picture on this company. The c ompany needs to improve their corporate image by coming with better ways of public image (Greasley, 1999). The company should also explore new markets by improving their marketing. Venturing into new demographic areas will help the company to increase its clientele which in the long run will boost sales. Carphone should spread their wings even in Eastern Europe or even in other continents.Involvement of employees in the business is alert for the growth. Although carphone has improved in this aspect by digitalizing their staff, employees should be motivated to be brand ambassadors of the company. Being up to date with the current trends in the technology will also help the company to compete actively and increase their sales.ReferencesGreasley, A. (1999). Operations management in business. Cheltenham S. Thornes.Summers, M. R. (1998). Analyzing operations in business Issues, tools, and techniques. Westport, Conn Quorum Books.Great Britain., Freeman, P., & Saunders, D. (2011). The Car phone store Group plc v Office of Communications Case 1111/3/3/09